Gothic 3 classes
The King had to make laws, attempt to remove poverty from the Kingdom and take care of the citizens in his kingdom. The King was the highest authority in the land. Royals had complete power over the land and political and economic decisions during the Middle Ages. The Royalty included Kings, Queens, Princes, and Princesses. The Royalty were the highest of the Social Classes in the Middle Ages. Clergy were also an important part of the social order during the Middle Ages, though they were not necessarily considered a separate class.
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Most Medieval people were peasants, over 90%, but the divide between peasants and nobility was very clear-cut. The verb fullnan will serve as a model for class IV weak verbs.There was a very distinctive social class system during the Middle Ages. Example: fullnan "to become full" andbundnan "to become unbound", compare with fulls "full" and andbindan "to unbind". Verbs of this class denote entering into a state. Verbs in this class have infinitives that end in -nan, which becomes -noda in the past tense. The verb haban will serve as a model for class III weak verbs.Ĭlass IV Weak Verbs Verbs in this class have /ai/ in the 2nd person singular, 3rd person singular, and 2nd person singular. Verbs in this class have infinitives that end in -an. Their past tense ends similarly to class I weak verbs, but with /ō instead of /i.Ĭlass III Weak Verbs The verb salbōn (to anoint) will serve as a model for class II weak verbs. Some class I verbs have an irregular past.Ĭlass II Weak Verbs Ĭlass II weak verbs end in -ōn. These two subgroups only differ slightly in their conjugation namely in the 2nd person and 3rd person singular, in the 2nd person plural of the present indicative, and in the second person plural imperative.Īll class I weak verbs follow the same conjugation in the past tense regardless of which subgroup they belong to. Verbs with a polysyllabic root behave like sōkjan regardless of the nature of the last syllable of the root hence, glitmunjan "to shine" behaves like sōkjan. Verbs within this class are subdivided into two subgroups: (1) verbs with a short stem-syllable, such as nasjan "to save", or verbs with a long open syllable, such as stōjan "to judge" (2) verbs with a long closed syllable, such as sōkjan "to seek". On the right is their preterite ending.Ĭlass I Weak Verbs Ĭlass I weak verbs end in -jan. The following table shows the possible infinitive endings of a weak verb, each representing a class. Weak verbs are divided into four classes according to the ending of the infinitive. Weak verbs form their past tense by means of a dental suffix. The average Gothic verb is conjugated thus: Some verbs take a different conjugation in the 3rd person singular and 2nd person plural, namely the class I and class III of weak verbs. We use this formula to conjugate all Gothic verbs in the present tense. To this we add the endings: -a, -is, -iþ, etc. If we remove the -an ending, we are left with siggw- this is the verb stem. Using the verb siggwan "to sing" as an example, we can see its -an ending. To conjugate a verb, one must isolate the verb stem by removing the -an ending of the infinitive, then add the desired endings. All infinitives end in a combination similar to -an. In the present tense all verbs follow a similar conjugation. The difference between the two depends on the formation of the preterite, or past tense. In Gothic, as in other Germanic languages, there is a distinction between strong and weak verbs. There exist two voices: active and passive three numbers: singular, dual, and plural two tenses: present and past and finally two moods: indicative and subjunctive (also called optative). Gothic has the most complex verbal system of all attested Germanic languages.